Sydney: Population 5,029,768 (2016) () • Density 400/km 2 (1,000/sq mi) (2015) Established 1788 Area 12,367.7 km 2 (4,775.2 sq mi)(GCCSA) () • Summer () () Location • 877 km (545 mi) NE of • 923 km (574 mi) S of • 287 km (178 mi) NE of • 3,936 km (2,446 mi) E of • 1,404 km (872 mi) E of (31) (49) (24) Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 22.5 °C 73 °F 14.5 °C 58 °F 1,222.7 mm 48.1 in Footnotes Coordinates: Sydney ( ( )) is the of and the in and. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds and about 70 km (43.5 mi) on its periphery towards the to the, to the north and to the. Sydney is made up of 658, 40 and 15 contiguous. Residents of the city are known as 'Sydneysiders'.
Relive the moments that went down in history from the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics. Access official videos, results, sport and athlete records. Penrith's top of 47.3 degrees was more than just a local record, and the hot weather is set to stick around.
As at June 2016 Sydney's estimated population was 5,029,768. The Sydney area has been inhabited by for at least years. Lieutenant first landed at in 1770, when navigating his way up the east coast of Australia on his ship,. It was not until 1788 when the, which contained and was led by, arrived in to found Sydney as a, the first.
Phillip named the city 'Sydney' in recognition of, Home Secretary in 1788. There are examples of located in the protected, as well as the. Since ended in the mid-19th century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre. The municipal council of Sydney was incorporated in 1842 and became Australia's first city. Was discovered in the colony in 1851 and with it came thousands of people seeking to make money. Sydney became one of the most multicultural cities in the world after the following the.
According to the, more than 250 different languages were spoken in Sydney and about 40 percent of residents spoke a at home. Furthermore, 36 percent of the population reported having been. Despite being one of the most in the world, the 2014 ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of, making it one of the.
It is classified as an Alpha by, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has an advanced with strengths in finance, manufacturing and. There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of 's leading financial hubs. Established in 1850, the is Australia's first university and is regarded as one of the world's leading universities. In addition to hosting events such as the, Sydney is amongst the top fifteen most-visited cities in the world, with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks. Its natural features include, the, and the.
Man-made attractions such as, the, and the (which became a in 2007 ), are also well known to international visitors. The main passenger airport serving the metropolitan area is, one of the world's oldest continually operating airports. Opened in 1906, is the main hub of the. In Sydney's The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia and before that from southeast Asia.
Suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago. However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools were found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments that were dated from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would indicate that there was human settlement in Sydney earlier than thought.
The between the native people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at on the Kurnell Peninsula and encountered the clan. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors.
Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement. He spent a short time collecting food and conducting scientific observations before continuing further north along the east coast of Australia and claiming the new land he had discovered for Britain. Prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. The earliest British settlers called the natives people. 'Eora' is the term the indigenous population used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British.
Its literal meaning is 'from this place'. From to was inhabited by the clan. The principal language groups were,, and. The earliest to visit the area noted that the indigenous people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells, and cooking fish. Establishment of the colony [ ].
Convict artist 's A Northward View of Sydney Cove, 1794 —before that, —and had for a long time been sending their across the Atlantic to the. That trade was ended with the by the United States in 1776. Britain decided in 1786 to found a new penal outpost in the territory discovered by Cook some 16 years earlier. Captain Philip led the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 850 convicts into Botany Bay on 18 January 1788, though deemed the location unsuitable due to poor soil and a lack of fresh water. He travelled a short way further north and arrived at Port Jackson on 26 January 1788.
This was to be the location for the new colony. Phillip described as being 'without exception the finest harbour in the world'. The colony was at first to be titled 'New Albion', after in, but Phillip decided on 'Sydney'. The official proclamation and naming of the colony happened on 7 February 1788. Lieutenant William Dawes produced a town plan in 1790 but it was ignored by the colony's leaders. Sydney's layout today reflects this lack of planning. Between 1788 and 1792 about 4,300 convicts were landed at Sydney.
The colony was not founded on the principles of freedom and prosperity. Maps from this time show no prison buildings; the punishment for convicts was rather than incarceration, but serious offences were penalised by flogging and hanging. Officers and convicts alike faced starvation as supplies ran low and little could be cultivated from the land.
The region's indigenous population was also suffering. It is estimated that half of the native people in Sydney died during the epidemic of 1789. Some when the British established farms along the west of Sydney. The local, led by, raided farms until Governor dispatched troops from the in 1816. These troops patrolled the Hawkesbury Valley and ended by killing 14 Indigenous Australians in a raid on their campsite. Macquarie did make the most of less than ideal circumstances.
His first task was to restore order after the of 1808 against the previous Governor. Conditions in the colony were not conducive to the development of a thriving new metropolis, but the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of maritime trade (such as wool) helped to lessen the burden of isolation. Macquarie undertook an extensive building programme of some 265 separate works. Roads, bridges, wharves, and public buildings were constructed using convict labour and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, and well-established thoroughfares. Part of Macquarie's effort to transform the colony was his authorisation for convicts to re-enter society as free citizens. Modern development [ ]. Sydney Harbour in 1932 The year 1840 was the final year of convict transportation to Sydney, which by this time had a population of 35,000.
Gold was discovered in the colony in 1851 and with it came thousands of people seeking to make money. Sydney's population reached 200,000 by 1871. Following the depression of the 1890s, the six colonies. Under the reign of Queen Victoria federation of the six colonies occurred on 1 January 1901. Sydney, with a population of 481,000, then became the state capital of New South Wales.
The of the 1930s had a severe effect on Sydney's economy, as it did with most cities throughout the industrial world. For much of the 1930s up to one in three breadwinners was unemployed.
Construction of the served to alleviate some of the effects of the economic downturn by employing 1,400 men between 1924 and 1932. The population continued to boom despite the Depression and reached 1 million in 1925. When Britain declared war on Germany in 1939, Australia too entered. During the war Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development to meet the needs of a wartime economy. Far from mass unemployment, there were now labour shortages and women becoming active in male roles. Sydney's harbour was attacked by the Japanese in May and June 1942 with a with some loss of life.
Households throughout the city had built air raid shelters and performed drills. Following the end of the war the city continued to expand. There were 1.7 million people living in Sydney at 1950 and almost 3 million by 1975. The people of Sydney warmly welcomed in 1954 when the reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil for the first time to commence her Australian Royal Tour. Having arrived on the through Sydney Heads, Her Majesty came ashore at Farm Cove. Sydney's iconic Opera House was opened in 1973 by Her Majesty. A strong that began in the 1850s still exists to this day.
Sydney exceeded 's population in the early twentieth century and remains Australia's largest city. The were held in Sydney and became known as the 'best Olympic Games ever' by the President of the. Geography [ ]. Sydney lies on a where the ocean level has risen to flood deep. Sydney is a coastal basin with the to the east, the to the west, the to the north, and the to the south. The inner city measures 25 square kilometres (10 square miles), the Greater Sydney region covers 12,367 square kilometres (4,775 square miles), and the city's urban area is 1,687 square kilometres (651 square miles) in size. Sydney spans two geographic regions.
The lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The Hornsby Plateau is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed as the city grew.
It was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches of the coast became more heavily populated. Seventy beaches can be found along its coastline with Bondi Beach being one of the most famous. The wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the and the into Botany Bay.
Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney are. Geology [ ] Sydney is made up of mostly Triassic rock with some recent dykes and necks. The was formed when the Earth's crust expanded, subsided, and filled with sediment in the early Triassic period. The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was washed from and laid down about 200 million years ago. The sandstone has lenses and fossil riverbeds.
The bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as were carved during the period in the of the coastal region where Sydney now lies. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours., better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such ria.
A dry sclerophyll in Sydney with eucalyptus trees (, ) The most prevalent in the Sydney region are which consist of trees and a few, sclerophyll shrubs (typically and ) and a semi-continuous grass in the, mainly in an open woodland setting. These plants tend to have rough and spiky leaves, as they're grown in areas with low. Wet sclerophyll forests are found in the damp, elevated areas of Sydney, such as in the. They are defined by straight, tall tree with an elaborate, moist understorey of soft-leaved shrubs, and herbs. Sydney is home to dozens of species, which commonly include the,,, and the, among others. Bird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are the,, and the. Species are also numerous and predominantly include.
Sydney has a few and species, such as the and the, respectively. Sydney Harbour Bridge in the Under the classification, Sydney has a ( Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year. Despite the city's reputation of abundant sunshine, Sydney experiences wet and often overcast conditions throughout the summer, leading to high humidity and cloudy skies. Alternately, the city actually experiences higher sunshine levels throughout winter and spring, keeping conditions cool but comfortable. At Sydney's primary weather station at, extreme temperatures have ranged from 45.8 °C (114.4 °F) on 18 to 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) on 22 June 1932. An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above 30 °C (86 °F) in the CBD.
In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb. The highest minimum temperature recorded at Observatory Hill is 27.6 °C (82 °F), in February 2011 while the lowest maximum temperature is 7.7 °C (46 °F), recorded in July 1868. The weather is by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. Sydney experiences an effect. This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat.
In late spring and summer, temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are not uncommon, though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a. This powerful storm brings winds and rapid fall in temperature, followed by brief heavy rain and.
Due to the inland location, is recorded in a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn. As seen from the Sydney Harbour, with the Sydney CBD skyline in the distance.
The rainfall has a moderate to low variability and it is spread through the months, but is slightly higher during the first half of the year. From 1990–1999, Sydney received around 20 per year. In late autumn and winter, may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.
Depending on the, summer weather may be humid or dry, with the late summer/autumn period having a higher average humidity and than late spring/early summer. In summer, most rain falls from thunderstorms and in winter from.
Snowfall was last reported in the Sydney City area in 1836, while a fall of, or soft hail, mistaken by many for snow, in July 2008, has raised the possibility that the 1836 event was not snow, either. The city is rarely affected by, although remnants of do affect the city. The plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: and on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. Many areas of the city bordering have experienced bushfires, these tend to occur during the spring and summer. The city is also prone to severe. One such storm was the, which produced massive hailstones up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter.
The has reported that 2002 through 2005 were the warmest summers in Sydney since records began in 1859. The summer of 2007–08, however, proved to be the coolest since 1996–97 and is the only summer this century to be at or below average in temperatures. In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe. The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) in September to 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) in February. Panorama from, Mosman The regions of Sydney include: the CBD or the (which itself contains 33 suburbs),, the, the,, the, the,, the, the, the,,,, and Western Sydney. The largest commercial centres outside of the CBD are and in the north, to the west, and Bankstown in the south-west, in the south, and to the east. There has been accelerating commercial development in Parramatta since the 1950s as firms serving Western Sydney have set up regional offices and recognised the region's significant residential population mass and cheaper rents.
Inner suburbs [ ]. Spanning Johnstons Bay, links western suburbs to the CBD.
The CBD itself extends about 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) south from Sydney Cove. It is bordered by Farm Cove within the Royal Botanic Garden to the east and to the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD include and to the east, and to the south, and to the west, and and to the north.
Most of these suburbs measure less than 1 square kilometre (0.4 square miles) in area. The Sydney central business district is characterised by considerably narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings in the 18th century.
Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches. And are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges., Darling Harbour, and are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation., which is located between and, is a historical shopping. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades. There is a long trend of amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont located on the harbour was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of, tourist accommodation, and gambling. Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of a former, manufacturing, and mixed housing. It had a period when it was known as an area of.
The terrace style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s. Is a former industrial area of which is undergoing urban renewal worth $8 billion.
On the city harbour edge the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of. The Millers Point/Barangaroo development has significant controversy regardless of the $6 billion worth of economic activity it is generating. The suburb of is a well known suburb for its streets of restored,, and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets. The suburbs include, which was once a working class industrial and mining town but has undergone extensive gentrification, and, which has relatively high for Australia.
The main shopping strip of the inner-west suburb, which is centred in, is the longest and most complete commercial precinct of the and period in Australia. Eastern suburbs [ ]. With the in view.
In the eastern suburbs is amongst Australia's most affluent addresses. Neighbouring suburb contains Wolseley Road, the ninth most expensive street in the world. And, both known for tourism and recreation, are also found in the Eastern Suburbs., Sydney's fifth largest business district behind the CBD itself, North Sydney, Parramatta and Chatswood, is a largely commercial area which has undergone many changes since the late 20th century. The, near, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by Lt.
(later Captain) James Cook in 1770., a historic suburb named after the French navigator (1741–88), is notable for its old military outpost at and the. The suburb of in is close to, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with a multitude of commercial buildings and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a central business district for the southern suburbs. Northern suburbs [ ] Because ' is not a clearly defined region (although having a clearly and social groups over the north shore region), 'Northern Suburbs' may also include the suburbs in the, and the. The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks–,,, and. This area includes suburbs in the of, and the. Commercial district.
The, an informal geographic term referring to the northern metropolitan area of Sydney, consists of, Chatswood,,,,,, and many others. The North Shore, an area, has one of the highest property prices in Sydney with the recent property price inflation sending the average property prices in suburbs such as,, and over 2 million dollars. The North Shore includes the commercial centres of and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, with its own business centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney, after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing businesses and associated trades, with many large corporations holding office in the region. The Lower North Shore usually refers to the suburbs adjacent to the harbour such as,,,,,,,,, and North Sydney. The Lower North Shore's eastern boundary is, or at the at and.
The Upper North Shore usually refers to the suburbs between Chatswood and. It is made up of suburbs located within and councils. The Northern Beaches area includes one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to and north to the entrance of.
The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the most and district in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours, the North Shore and the. Western suburbs [ ]. An aerial view of: (bottom) to (top-right). The encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia and one the oldest suburbs in Sydney,, Liverpool,, and. Covering 5,800 square kilometres (2,200 sq mi) and having an estimated resident population as at 30 June 2008 of 1,665,673, western Sydney has the most in the country.
The population is predominantly of a background, with major employment in the and trade. The western suburb of, in the, is home to, a operated by., a botanical garden situated in, attracts thousands of visitors each year, including a significant number from outside Australia. The greater west also includes, a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and, a located in. To the northwest,, an Australian zoo in, near, is a major, not just for Western Sydney, but for NSW and Australia.
In Parramatta is Australia's busiest Westfield shopping centre, having 28.7 million customer visits per annum. Further to the south west is the region of Macarthur and the city of, a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper., a shopping complex in Campbelltown, become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney. Urban structure [ ] Architecture [ ]. A late 19th century in the central business district, was designed in fashion.
The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Upon his appointment, Governor Lachlan Macquarie set ambitious targets for the architectural design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals. In 1814 the Governor called on a convict named to design. The lighthouse and its design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day. Greenway went on to design the in 1819 and the style in 1824.
Became more popular from the 1830s. 's and of 1856 were built in style along with 's of 1845. Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral, are rare examples of construction. Many of Sydney's oldest buildings were built with materials sourced from. From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture.
Designed the in 1857. The, completed in 1891 in style, was designed. Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse. Was built in 1844 to the specifications of Lewis, with additions from Barnet in 1887 and W L Vernon in 1899.
The neo-Classical and style was completed in 1889. Designs gained favour amongst Sydney's architects from the early 1890s. Was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and approaches. The was designed in Romanesque Revival fashion by and completed in 1898. It was built on the site of the Sydney Central Markets and accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys. The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture.
New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation than was common before the 1930s. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the 503 metres (1,650 feet) between Milsons Point and. The atrium of, an example of Sydney's contemporary architecture and came to Sydney from the 1940s.
Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. It was conceived by with contributions from Peter Hall, Lionel Todd, and David Littlemore.
Utzon was awarded the in 2003 for his work on the Opera House. Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian architect, the (2015), based on the design of a. An entrance from –a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers on the corner of King Street and Castlereagh Street which topped out at 50 metres (160 feet). With the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction. Acclaimed architects such as,,,,, and have each made their own contribution to the city's skyline.
Important buildings in the CBD include,,, the building,,, and. The tallest structure is, designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981. Regulations limit new buildings to a height of 235 metres (771 feet) due to the proximity of, although strict restrictions employed in the early 2000s have slowly been relaxed in the past ten years.
Sydney real estate prices are some of the most expensive in the world, surpassing both New York City and Paris. There were 1.5 million dwellings in Sydney in 2006 including 940,000 detached houses and 180,000 semi-detached terrace houses. Units or apartments make up 25.8% of Sydney's dwellings, more than the 12.8% which are semi-detached but less than the 60.9% which are separate houses. Whilst are common in the inner city areas, it is detached houses that dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. About 80% of all dwellings in Western Sydney are separate houses. Due to environmental and economic pressures there has been a noted trend towards denser housing.
There was a 30% increase in the number of apartments in Sydney between 1996 and 2006. Public housing in Sydney is managed by the. Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include,,, and. The Government has announced plans to sell nearly 300 historic public housing properties in the harbourside neighbourhoods of Millers Point, Gloucester Street, and The Rocks. Sydney is one of the most expensive real estate markets globally. It is only second to Hong Kong with the average property costing 14 times the annual Sydney salary as of December 2016. A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney.
Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as Paddington, The Rocks, Potts Point and Balmain–many of which have been the subject of. These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city. Homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in,, and in.
Haberfield is known as 'The Federation Suburb' due to the extensive number of Federation homes. Workers cottages are found in Surry Hills,, and Balmain. Are common in,, and. Modern, '-type of homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as in,, and to the northwest,.
And to the greater west, and, and to the southwest. Parks and open spaces [ ].
In Hyde Park The is the most important green space in the Sydney region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities. There are 15 separate parks under the administration of the City of Sydney. Parks within the city centre include, and Prince Alfred Park. The outer suburbs include and in the east, and in the south, in the north, and in the west, which is in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed on 26 April 1879 and with 13,200 hectares (51 square miles) is the second oldest national park in the world. The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of 15,400 hectares (59 square miles).
It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation and more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens have been located in the park. The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve. Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia. The Gardens are not just a place for exploration and relaxation, but also for scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories. The two parks have a total area of 64 hectares (0.2 square miles) with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5 million annual visits. To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park.
It is the oldest public parkland in Australia and measures 16.2 hectares (0.1 square miles) in area. Its location was used for both relaxation and the grazing of animals from the earliest days of the colony. Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the 'recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town' and named it in honour of the original in. About 3 km (1.9 mi) long, is Sydney's busiest street. Researchers from have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy. The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney number eleven in the world.
The Global Cities Index recognises it as number fourteen in the world based on global engagement. The prevailing economic theory in effect during early colonial days was, as it was throughout most of. The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Lachlan Macquarie solved the second problem by creating from every in circulation.
The economy was clearly in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the were curtailed. Central business district of Sydney at night from Wheat, gold, and other minerals became additional export industries towards the end of the 1800s. Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. Policies after allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.
These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%. From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second central business district and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment. Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$400.9 billion and AU$80,000 per capita in 2015. Its gross domestic product was AU$337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia. The Financial and Insurance Services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product and is ahead of Professional Services with 9% and Manufacturing with 7.2%. In addition to Financial Services and Tourism, the Creative and Technology sectors are focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012. Corporate citizens [ ] There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.
Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities. There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney. Domestic economics [ ]. A major street in Sydney CBD, runs from in the north to in the south. Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia. To compensate, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of any city in the world.
Sydney's residents possess the highest purchasing power of any city after. Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.
The labour force of Sydney in 2011 was 2,188,854 with a participation rate of 61.7%. It was made up of 62.1% full-time workers, 26.7% part-time workers, and 5.7% unemployed individuals. The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians, trades workers, and sales workers. The largest industries by employment across Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance with 10.9%, Retail with 9.8%, Professional Services with 9.6%, Manufacturing with 8.5%, Education and Training with 7.6%, Construction with 7.1%, and Financial and Insurance Services with 6.6%.
The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 26.9% of employment within the City of Sydney. 62.8% of working age residents had a total weekly income of less than $1,000 and 29.1% had a total weekly income of $1,000 or more. The median weekly income for the same period was $619 for individuals, $2,302 for families without children and $2,537 for families with children. Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%. Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the central business district and suburbs in the east and north of the city.
Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed. Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970. The median house price in Sydney in March 2014 was $630,000. The primary cause for rising prices is the increasing cost of land which made up 32% of house prices in 1977 compared to 60% in 2002. 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.
11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more. 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more.
The median weekly rent in Sydney is $450. Financial services [ ]. Martin Place Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the. New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable.
Bank collapses were a frequent occurrence and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed. The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as. The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the which is also based in Sydney. The began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6 trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world. The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.
Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as 's leading financial centre. Was pioneered in Sydney and the city is a leading hub for firms. In the 2017, Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial center in the world, alongside cities such as,,,,,,,, and. In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and. Manufacturing [ ] Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the protectionist policies of the 1920s.
By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney. Its status has declined in more recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011. Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.
The city is still the largest manufacturing centre in Australia. Its manufacturing output of $21.7 billion in 2013 was greater than that of Melbourne with $18.9 billion. Observers have noted Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing as reasons for its resilience against the high of the early 2010s. Tourism and international education [ ]. A situated in a laneway between and George Street, features 120 suspended bird cages. Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors. It has hosted over 2.8 million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia.
These visitors spent 59 million nights in the city and a total of $5.9 billion. The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.
The city also received 8.3 million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6 billion. 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011. There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012. On average, the tourism industry contributes $36 million to the city's economy per day. Tourists visiting the Sydney Opera House Popular destinations include the, the Sydney Harbour Bridge,,,,, the, the Royal Botanic Garden, the Royal National Park, the, the, the, the,, Taronga Zoo, Bondi Beach, the Blue Mountains, and Sydney Olympic Park. Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a at Barangaroo and the redevelopment of, which involves a new that will become Australia's largest upon completion.
Sydney is the highest ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its and English language schools. International education contributes $1.6 billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year. Demographics [ ]. Main article: Significant overseas-born populations Country of birth Population (2016) China 224,685 United Kingdom 151,684 India 130,573 New Zealand 86,526 Vietnam 81,045 Philippines 75,480 Lebanon 55,979 South Korea 49,508 Hong Kong 40,577 Italy 40,492 Iraq 39,237 South Africa 35,313 Fiji 31,510 Nepal 30,424 Indonesia 29,989 The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.
With convict transportation it tripled in ten years to 2,953. For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000. Sydney's population at the time of the 2011 census was 4,391,674. It has been forecast that the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9 million by 2061.
Despite this increase, the predicts that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2053. The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile). Celebrations in. Sydney is home to the largest Chinese population in Australia. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. The median age of Sydney residents is 36 and 12.9% of people are 65 or older. The married population accounts for 49.7% of Sydney whilst 34.7% of people have never been married.
48.9% of families are couples with children, 33.5% are couples without children, and 15.7% are single-parent families. 32.5% of people in Sydney speak a language other than English at home with,,, and the most widely spoken. There were 54,746 people of indigenous heritage living in Sydney in 2011. Most immigrants to Sydney between 1840 and 1930 were,.
There were significant clusters of people based on nationality or religion throughout the history of Sydney development. In the early 20th century Irish people were centred in Surry Hills, the in Paddington. Following World War II, Sydney's ethnic groups began to diversify. Common ethnic groups in Sydney include, but are not limited to,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and communities. As of the 2011 census night there were 1,503,620 people living in Sydney that were born overseas, accounting for 42.5% of the population of the City of Sydney and 34.2% of the population of Sydney, the seventh greatest proportion of any city in the world. The 2016 census reported that 39 percent of Greater Sydney were migrants, above New York City (36 percent), Paris (25 percent), Berlin (13 percent) and Tokyo (2 percent). If local residents with at least one migrant-born parent is included, then 65 percent of Sydney's population is migrant.
Sydney's largest ancestry groups are, Australian, Irish, Chinese and Scottish. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are England, China, India, New Zealand and Vietnam. The concentration of immigrants in Sydney, relative to the rest of Australia (excluding Melbourne), make it the exception rather than the norm on having such a high overseas-born population. The, located in, is the fourth largest public gallery in Australia The opened in Sydney in 1857 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony. It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum.
In 1995 the opened on the site of the first. It recounts the story of the city's development. Other museums based in Sydney include the and the. In 1866 then gave her assent to the formation of the.
The Society exists 'for the encouragement of studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy'. It is based in a terrace house in owned by the. The building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum. The on was opened in 1929. Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s.
The live medium lost much of its popularity to cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II. Prominent theatres in the city today include,,,, and. Maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays.
It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as,, and. The city's other prominent theatre companies are,, and. The Sydney Opera House is the home of and. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100 million visitors since opening in 1973. Two other important performance venues in Sydney are and the. The is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual exams.
Filmmaking in Sydney was quite prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance in Australian cinema. Commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include,,,, and. The is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as,,, and. The Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Opera House illuminated during the 2015 festival of light Sydney is the host of several festivals throughout the year.
The city's celebrations are the largest in Australia. The is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park. Is Australia's largest arts festival.
Is a travelling rock music festival that originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are and. Is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked 13th for being the top in the world. It hosts the in autumn.
The has commenced each February since 1979. Sydney's has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from George Street to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980. The Spanish Quarter is based in Liverpool Street whilst Little Italy is located in Stanley Street. Popular nightspots are found at,,, and.
Is the city's only casino and is situated around. Religion [ ] The indigenous people of Sydney held totemic beliefs known as '. Governor Lachlan Macquarie made an effort to found a culture of formal religion throughout the early settlement and ordered the construction of churches such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. According to 2011 census, these and other religious institutions have contributed to the education and health of Sydney's residents over time.
28.3% identify themselves as, whilst 17.6% practice no religion, 16.1% are, 4.7% are Muslim, 4.2% are, 4.1% are Buddhist, 2.6% are Hindu, and 0.9% are Jewish. Main article: is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print. Now a paper owned by, it has been published continuously since 1831. Its competitor is the which has been in print since 1879.
Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called and respectively. Was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication. Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney.
's offices and news studios are based in, and are based in Pyrmont, Seven has a news studio in the in the is located in, and the is based in. Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000.
Is based in and sells subscription cable television to most parts of the urban area. Sydney's first commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio became a popular tool for politics, news, religion, and sport and has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet. Was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Fairfax Media is the oldest station still broadcasting.
Competing stations include the more popular,,,,, and. Sport and outdoor activities [ ].
International cricket matches have been hosted annually at since 2012. Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 in. Horse racing remains popular to this day and events such as the attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s. Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the since 1878.
The compete in the league and the and contest the national Twenty20 competition. First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907. Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908.
The contest the competition. The national rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the,, and. Sydney is home to nine of the sixteen teams in the competition:,,,,,,,, and.
Contests the annual against. And the compete in the (men's) and (women's) soccer competitions and Sydney frequently hosts matches for the Australian national men's team, the. The and are local clubs that play in the.
The Giants also compete in. The compete in the. The play in the. The contest the. The are a member of the. The and play in the. The are competitors in the national women's netball league.
Sailing on Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first club was established at Bondi Beach. For surf bathing surfaced from time to time and concerned men as well as women. The is an annual 14-kilometre (8.7-mile) running race from the central business district to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world. Sailing races have been held on since 1827.
Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the was founded in 1862. The is a 1,170-kilometre (727-mile) event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day. Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world. Six sailors died and 71 vessels of the fleet of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition. The is based in and since its opening in 1893 has hosted the on 13 occasions.
Opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year. Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the. Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities.
It also includes the high capacity used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. Was completed in 1988 and is used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures. Government [ ].
The, which was designed in 1908. During early colonial times the presiding and his military shared absolute control over the population.
This lack of democracy eventually became unacceptable for the colony's growing number of free settlers. The first indications of a proper legal system emerged with the passing of a Charter of Justice in 1814. It established three new courts, including the, and dictated that was to be followed. In 1823 the passed an act to create the in New South Wales and give the Supreme Court the right of review over new legislation. From 1828 all of the common laws in force in England were to be applied in New South Wales wherever it was appropriate. Another act from the British Parliament in 1842 provided for members of the Council to be elected for the first time. The Constitution Act of 1855 gave New South Wales a.
The existing Legislative Council became the upper house and a new body called the was formed to be the lower house. An was introduced and constituted five members of the Legislative Assembly and the Governor. It became responsible for advising the ruling Governor on matters related to the administration of the state. The colonial settlements elsewhere on the continent eventually seceded from New South Wales and formed their own governments. Separated in 1825, did so in 1850, and followed in 1859. With the proclamation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 the status of local governments across Sydney was formalised and they became separate institutions from the state of New South Wales. Government in the present [ ] Sydney is divided into (also known as councils or shires) which are comparable in nature to.
These local government areas have elected councils which are responsible for functions delegated to them by the New South Wales Government. The 31 local government areas making up Sydney according to the are. Sydney's local government areas The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales which is located in Queen's Square in Sydney. The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate and the lower. Public activities such as main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure projects are controlled by the New South Wales Government. It has tended to resist attempts to amalgamate Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.
Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the central business district and some adjoining inner suburbs. It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), representing and promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry. The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and who has in the past been treated as a representative of the entire city. In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a; the newly created city of ultimately filled this role. Six Australian Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister and incumbent.
Infrastructure [ ] Education [ ]. The Education became a proper focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory. The population of Sydney is now highly educated. 90% of working age residents have completed some schooling and 57% have completed the highest level of school. 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university. Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney. The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).
The Madsen Building houses geoscience at the There are six public universities based in Sydney: the, the, the,, the, and the. Four public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the, the,, and the. 5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university. University of Sydney is ranked in the top 50 in the world, the University of Technology Sydney is ranked 193, while Macquarie University ranks 237, and the Western Sydney University below 500. Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools.
7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school. There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by the. 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney. Public vocational education and training in Sydney is run by and began with the opening of the in 1878. It offered courses in areas such as mechanical drawing, applied mathematics, steam engines, simple surgery, and English grammar. The college became the in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the, the, and the. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.
The of the, the oldest teaching hospital in the city. The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents. Many of the convicts that survived the trip from England continued to suffer from,,, and. Healthcare facilities remained hopelessly inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the and the construction of brand new hospitals at Parramatta,, and in the 1790s. Governor Lachlan Macquarie arranged for the construction of and saw it completed in 1816.
Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as but the hospital itself still operates to this day. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service. The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of in 1868. Healthcare gained recognition as a citizen's right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales. The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney. The was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened in the coming decades.
Was founded in 1857, followed by in 1880, the in 1881, the in 1882, the in 1885, the in 1894, and the in 1895. In 1978 was the last major facility to open. Transport [ ]. Sydney Harbour Bridge (southern approach shown) carries trains, motorised vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II. The growth of low density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and to 70% in 1971.
The most important roads in Sydney were the nine, including the 110-kilometre (68-mile). Widespread criticism over Sydney's reliance on sprawling road networks, as well as the motor vehicle, have stemmed largely from proponents of mass public transport and high density housing. On an international scale, Sydney was ranked at 51 out of 100 cities in the world for sustainability and effectiveness of public transport in a report by –lagging behind, but ahead of both and. There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion. 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more. Is high in Sydney–of people that travel to work, 58.4% use a car, 9.1% catch a train, 5.2% take a bus, and 4.1% walk. In contrast, only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.
With a rate of 26.3%, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital city. A double-decker train at Town Hall Station. Sydney once had one of the in the world.
It was the second largest in the British Empire, after London, with routes covering 291 kilometres (181 miles). The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the tram network with the final tram operating in 1961. From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90 million passengers per annum. In 1997, the (also known as the Dulwich Hill Line) opened between Central station and. It was extended to in 2000 and then in 2014. It links the and with and facilitated 9.1 million journeys in the 2016-17 financial year.
A second, the 12 km (7.5 mi) line serving the CBD and south-eastern suburbs is planned to open in early 2019. When the light rail project is completed, it would cover a total distance of 12 km with 19 different stops. Today are conducted by a mixture of Government and private operators.
In areas previously serviced by trams the government operates, in other areas, there are private (albeit part funded by the state government) operators. Integrated tickets called operate on both government and private bus routes. State Transit alone operated a fleet of 2,169 buses and serviced over 160 million passengers during 2014. In total, nearly 225 million boardings were recorded across the bus network is a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am, also replacing trains for most of this period. Patronage of Transport for NSW's Sydney public transport services. Train services are operated. The organisation maintains 176 stations and 937 kilometres (582 miles) of railway and provides 281 million journeys each year.
Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers across the city, suburbs, and beyond to country NSW. In the 1850s and 1860s the railway reached Parramatta,, Liverpool,,, and. In 2014 94.2% of trains arrived on time and 99.5% of services ran as scheduled. Construction of, an automated system separate from the existing suburban network, started in 2013.
The is expected to open in 2019, with plans in place to by 2024. At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's was the largest in the world.
Patronage declined from 37 million passengers in 1945 to 11 million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years. From its hub at the ferry network extends from to., officially 'Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport', is located in the inner southern suburb of with two of the runways going into Botany Bay. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations. As the busiest airport in Australia it handled 37.9 million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.
It has been announced that a new facility named will be constructed at from 2016 at a cost of $2.5 billion. Is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights.
Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements. Has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at and.
Environmental issues and pollution reduction [ ]. Further information: and As, and have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution, cutting back on emissions and maintaining. Since 1995, there have been significant developments in the analysis of in the Sydney metropolitan region.
The development led to the release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS), which led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses to the pollution. Australian cities are some of the most cities in the world. Sydney in particular has a very high level of car dependency, especially by world city standards.
It also has a low level of mass-transit services, with a historically low-density layout and significant, thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency. Strategies have been implemented to reduce private by encouraging and, initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new, the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia. Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide, gases which contribute to climate change. Have increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city since March 2010, with about 2,000 bikes passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.
Transport developments in the and east of the city have been designed to encourage the use of Sydney's expanding public transportation system. The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as in 2008.
The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%. The City of Sydney introduced a Sustainable Sydney 2030 program, with various targets planned and a comprehensive guide on how to reduce energy in homes and offices within Sydney by 30%. Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30 million a year. Have been established on many CBD buildings in an effort to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year. The city also has an 'urban forest growth strategy', in which it aims to regular increase the in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures. Sydney has also become a leader in the development of and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation and design.
Utilities [ ]. Is Sydney's largest water supply dam.
Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the sourced water from what is now the central business district but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.
The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid 1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population. The first genuine solution to Sydney's water demands was the which came into operation in 1886 and cost over £2 million. It transports water 100 kilometres (62 miles) from the,, and rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's total water needs. Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935. In 1977 the brought several more dams into service. The now manages eleven major dams: one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,,,,,,,,, the, and.
Water is collected from five catchment areas covering 16,000 square kilometres (6,178 square miles) and total storage amounts to 2.6 teralitres (0.6 cubic miles). The came into operation in 2010. The two distributors which maintain Sydney's electricity infrastructure are and. Their combined networks include over 815,000 power poles and 83,000 kilometres (52,000 miles) of electricity cables. See also [ ].
Curriculum & Faculty Students enrolled in courses at NYU Sydney will be able to explore Aboriginal art and culture as the longest continuous civilization on the planet. Courses will introduce Australia's rich history of immigrant communities that formed this continent-sized nation with unique and compelling characteristics.
The curriculum offers classes in anthropology, English, environmental studies, history and society, journalism, psychology, and communications, among many other courses of study. Leading professors will be drawn from Sydney and the local region. Faculty-led field trips, which take students beyond the areas visited by casual tourists, are an essential part of the program.